1) Grains are small crystals that make a polycrystalline solid. Grain Boundaries are places where two or more grains interface with one another. Decreasing grain size increases strength and toughness.
2) Using the Czochralski Growth method. High-purity, semiconductor-grade silicon is melted in a container. A precisely oriented rod-mounted seed crystal is dipped into the molten silicon. The seed crystal's rod is slowly pulled upwards and rotated simultaneously.
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